This practice is the subject of the Lutheran belief in sacramental union as well as the Catholicdoctrine of trans-substantiation, which holds that the objects used in it physically (*) transform into thebody and blood of Christ. For 10 points, what Christian sacrament commemorates the Last Supper by eatingbread and wine?
This country's flag was said to have miraculously fallen from the sky during a battle in Estonia.Prussia invaded this country during a dispute over Schleswig-Holstein, a territory which now lies justover its southern border with (*) Germany. Sweden and Norway formed the Kalmar Union with, for 10points, what Scandinavian country led from Copenhagen, home to the Danes?
In Sumerian mythology, Utnapishtim is tasked by the god Enki with surviving one of these events.Deucalion and Pyrrha survived one of these events caused by Zeus by building a chest. God creates a(*) rainbow after one of these events in the Bible, during which two of every animal are brought on boardNoah's Ark. For 10 points, what sort of event was caused by rain for forty days and forty nights?
This quantity is equal to the square of momentum divided by double the mass. In addition tomomentum, elastic collisions conserve this quantity. When an object falls, (*) potential energy isconverted into this kind of energy. One-half mass times velocity squared is equal to, for ten points, what typeof energy associated with an object's movement?
In this play, one character answers "No. Saints and poets maybe" in response to a question. Thehymn Blessed Be the Ties that Bind is sung once each act in this play. Near the end of this play, Emily (*)Webb relives her twelfth birthday after dying during childbirth. The fourth-wall-breaking Stage Managernarrates, for 10 points, what Thornton Wilder play set in Grover's Corners?
This president's "Square Deal" initiative broke up monopolies, and he gave an 84-minute campaignspeech in Milwaukee despite being shot just before it. This man became president after theassassination of William (*) McKinley, and he led the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War. For10 points, name this president who lends his name to a stuffed bear.
Elizabeth I may have used ceruse, one of these products which caused severe lead poisoning withrepeated use. One brand of these products called Fenty was launched by Rihanna and designed to beinclusive of people with darker (*) skin tones. Users of these products may use brushes or their fingers toapply foundation. For 10 points, what cosmetic products include lipstick and eyeliner?
The first black woman with this job, Bessie Coleman, died in a 1926 accident. A man with this jobhad his son kidnapped by Bruno Hauptmann in the "Crime of the Century." Fred Noonan assisted a (*)woman with this job during a trip in which they both disappeared near Howland Island. The "Spirit of St.Louis" was used by a man with, for 10 points, what job of Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart?
Some speakers of this language add the consonant 'r' to the end of syllables in a process callederhua. This language contains measure words such as "ge" and "zhi", which are used to quantifynouns. During the 20th century, some (*) characters used to write this language were simplified, thoughthe traditional forms are still used in Taiwan. For 10 points, name this language spoken in Beijing.
These objects are predicted to lose mass through Hawking radiation. The no-hair theorem statesthat these objects are described only by their mass, charge, and spin. The Schwarzschild(shvaarts-shilt) radius is the size of the (*) event horizon of these objects, inside which the escape velocityexceeds the speed of light. Massive collapsing stars form, for 10 points, what objects from which light cannotescape?
This man's military career began in disaster when his forces killed a neutral French commander atJumonville Glen, sparking a war. This former aide to Edward Braddock was forced to surrender FortNecessity. The Conway Cabal failed to depose this general, who later personally put down the (*)Whiskey Rebellion during his presidency. For 10 points, name this commander-in-chief of the ContinentalArmy.
This country's Darién Gap is a thick section of rainforest impassable by roads which makes itimpossible to drive between North America and South America. This country's artificial Lake Gatúnwas created to serve as the highest point of a (*) waterway which connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.For 10 points, name this Central American country which contains a namesake canal.
This scientist noted differently-shaped beaks adapted to different island environments in a groupof finches named for him. This man discovered those birds on a journey aboard the HMS (*) Beagle thatinspired his treatise On the Origin of Species. The Galapagos Islands' ecology was studied by, for 10 points,what naturalist who formulated the theory of natural selection?
A theme in this novel centers on the repeated disappearance of the donkey Dapple. One characterin this novel declares himself to be "the Knight of the White Moon." This novel's title character longsfor (*) Dulcinea, rides the horse Rocinante, and has a companion named Sancho Panza. For 10 points, namethis novel about an eccentric Spanish man who tilts at windmills, by Miguel de Cervantes.
This state contains the highest point in the U.S. east of the Mississippi, its Mount Mitchell. This stateshares the Great Smoky Mountains National Park with its western neighbor, (*) Tennessee. This state'sDuke University contests a fierce sporting rivalry with its public flagship school. For 10 points, name thissoutheastern US state with capital at Raleigh.
The derivative of a function at a point is this property of a line tangent to the graph at that point. Iftwo lines are parallel, they have the same value for this property, and this property is undefined for (*)vertical lines. Rise over run is equal to, for 10 points, what value which measures the "steepness" of a line onthe coordinate plane?
Vishnu's avatar Hayagriva has this animal's head. Feral populations of this animal live onAssateague Island in Maryland. The height of these animals is often measured in "hands". One of theseanimals named (*) Secretariat won the Triple Crown of races involving them, which includes the KentuckyDerby. For 10 points, what animals were ridden by cavalry soldiers?
The tune "Salt Peanuts" was written by one player of this instrument known for puffing his cheeksand playing a bent version of it. In addition to Dizzy Gillespie, this instrument was also played by amusician nicknamed (*) "Satchmo". This was the instrument of the lead artist on the album Kind of Blue. Jazzlegends Miles Davis and Louis Armstrong played, for 10 points, what high brass instrument?
In one book by this author, Henry commits treason to help the king of the rats, but falls off a cliffand dies when his bat, Ares, fails to save him. This author of Gregor the Overlander also wrote a novelin which the protagonist chooses to shoot Elizabeth (*) Coin rather than Coriolanus Snow at a publicexecution. Katniss Everdeen was created by, for 10 points, what author of The Hunger Games?
Solutions of potassium permanganate, which are this color, can leave lasting stains if exposed toskin. A historically important dye of this color was produced from murex snails. Liquid and gaseous (*)iodine has this color under standard conditions. The compound '6,6'-dibromoindigo is one dye with, for 10points, what color which can be produced by mixing blue and red paint?
[10] Name these works, a satirical "Devil's" one of which was written by Ambrose Bierce. The “Petit Larousse” is a famous French one of these works.
[10] Henry Black wrote the first two editions of an authoritative dictionary used by people with this profession. In order to become part of this profession, prospective members must pass the "bar exam", for which each state has a different version.
[10] This board game also maintains its own dictionary, which lists all the words which may be played in it. Players in this board game take turns playing tiles on a 15-by-15 board to form words, scoring more points for using rarer letters like the Q and Z.
[10] Identify this social cause which sought to ban the consumption of beverages like beer, rum, and bourbon in the United States.
[10] Carrie Nation, a radical temperance activist, was infamous for violently attacking saloons and bars using one of these weapons to destroy kegs of alcohol.
[10] During the prohibition era, this Chicago gangster built an empire on the sale of illegal alcohol, a practice known as bootlegging. Nicknamed "Scarface", this perpetrator of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre would later be jailed at Alcatraz after his conviction for tax evasion.
[10] This headmaster of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter series had an affair with Gellert Grindelwald. He was murdered by Severus Snape in the sixth Harry Potter novel.
[10] In the Percy Jackson series, Nico di Angelo, a son of this Greek god, is forced by Cupid to come out as gay. This member of the Big Three put Nico and his sister Bianca in the Lotus Hotel.
[10] This author wrote Two Boys Kissing and Boy Meets Boy, two books featuring gay characters. This author also cowrote Will Grayson, Will Grayson with John Green, a book that centers around the fact that a straight boy and a gay boy both share the title name.
[10] Name this largest contiguous land empire in world history. It stretched from Siberia to Eastern Europe, eventually fracturing into several smaller realms such as the Chagatai Khanate.
[10] This grandson of Genghis established the Yuan Dynasty in China, becoming the first non-Han emperor to control all of China after his conquest of the Song Dynasty and accession to the imperial throne.
[10] This successor state of the Mongol Empire was founded by Batu Khan and ruled over the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It was eventually defeated by Muscovy at the Great Stand on the Ugra River.
[10] Name this French composer who is best known for pieces like La mer and Clair de lune.
[10] Debussy was influenced by Inayat Khan, a Sufi mystic and musician from this country. Ravi Shankar is a musician who plays the sitar, a traditional instrument from this country, and its classical music is based on the principles of raga and tala.
[10] Debussy was known for his musical integration of silence, something that was taken perhaps a bit too far by this American minimalist composer in his work 4'33", in which the performer sits still for the title amount of time.
[10] What capital of Bavaria, located on the River Isar, is noted for its many breweries, such as the 800-year-old Augustiner Keller, as well as its yearly Oktoberfest beer festival?
[10] Munich is located in the southeast portion of this country, whose other cities include Hamburg and Frankfurt. It is the most populous country located entirely in Europe.
[10] Munich's Nymphenburg Park contains one of these buildings. Elsewhere in Bavaria, Ludwig II built the famous Neuschwanstein (noy-SHVAAN-shtine) one of these buildings atop a hill, which remains a popular tourist attraction.
[10] Name this book set in Maycomb, Alabama in which Tom Robinson is falsely convicted of raping Mayella Ewell despite the defenses of the lawyer Atticus Finch.
[10] This American author who died in 2016 wrote To Kill a Mockingbird.
[10] Lee's friendship with Truman Capote inspired this character in To Kill a Mockingbird. This character visits Maycomb every summer from Meridian and quickly becomes friends with Scout and Jem.
[10] These components were the focus of the race to 5 gigahertz, and can have one or multiple cores. Manufacturers of these components include Intel.
[10] Primary manufacturers of these components include NVidia and AMD, and later iterations of these components have included hardware-accelerated ray tracing.
[10] Computers use these devices to display things to users. In laptop computers, these screens are typically attached to the rest of the computer, while desktop computers often have separate versions.
[10] Name this city in modern-day Italy, named for the brother of Remus. It eventually became the center of an empire whose gods included Jupiter, Mars, and Pluto.
[10] Romulus and Remus were legendarily raised by one of these creatures, who were honored in the festival of Lupercalia.
[10] After Romulus and Remus were abandoned on the banks of this river, its god saved them. This third-longest river in Italy flows through Rome.
[10] Name this position held by the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, currently occupied in exile in Dharamsala, India due to oppression by the Chinese government.
[10] Tibetan Buddhists often worship by repeatedly chanting these sacred phrases, which include "om mani padme hum".
[10] Tibetan Buddhists are split into schools named after "Red" and "Yellow" types of these garments. Muslims often wear one of these garments called a taqiyah during prayer.
[10] Name this neurotransmitter often associated with pleasure and emotional highs. Anticipation of rewards increases the amount of this chemical in the brain.
[10] This other neurotransmitter is believed to play major roles in mood and appetite, among other things. Its reuptake is inhibited by SSRIs.
[10] SSRIs are often prescribed to treat this mental health condition which may be caused by a lack of serotonin. It can cause low self-esteem, a prolonged lack of happiness, or a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities.
[10] This man depicted himself with the title features in his Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers. He depicted a burning synagogue in his depiction of the Crucifixion, and his most famous work, I and the Village, was inspired by a village in Belarus.
[10] This man depicted himself thrice in his Triple Self-Portrait. He also painted for the Saturday Evening Post, and depicted Ruby Bridges walking to school escorted by National Guardsmen in The Problem We All Live With.
[10] Rockwell also created a series of paintings depicting this many freedoms. In another unusual self-portrait, Belgian surrealist René Magritte painted himself with this many arms, two more than the usual number.
[10] Identify this number equal to the value of an extremely large exponentiation tower, which was popularized in a 1977 column by Martin Gardner, at which point it was the largest number ever used in a serious mathematical proof.
[10] Graham's number is the upper bound to a problem from Ramsey theory, a subfield of graph theory which involves doing this process to graphs in certain ways. A famous computer-assisted proof by Haken and Appel showed that any map can have this process done to it with only four different labels.
[10] Specifically, the problem asked for the smallest dimension n in which a complete graph on the vertices of an n-dimensional hypercube, if each edge were colored red and blue, must contain a mono-colored one of these shapes. These shapes have four equal sides and four right angles.
[10] Name these things which were withdrawn from service worldwide in March 2019 following two deadly accidents in 6 months caused by a faulty MCAS system which the manufacturer of these things failed to mention in their manuals.
[10] This American aircraft manufacturer founded in Seattle produces the 737 MAX. Their primary competitor is Airbus, and their other planes include the double-decker 747.
[10] A recent Boeing 737 crash that was not caused by manufacturing faults, meanwhile, occurred in January 2020 when Ukraine International Airlines flight 752 was shot down shortly after departing from Tehran, the capital of this country, by its military.
[10] Ocean trenches are formed by this geological process, in which one tectonic plate slides under another at a convergent plate boundary.
[10] The regions near subduction zones often contain large numbers of this type of mountain, examples of which include Mount St. Helens in Washington and Kilauea in Hawaii. These mountains typically eject large amounts of magma when they erupt.
[10] These other undersea formations are caused by volcanic activity, usually at divergent plate boundaries. They may form “black smokers” or “white smokers”, and release warm, nutrient-rich water through the seabed, creating habitats for animals like the giant tube worm.
[10] Name this force whose magnitude is equal to the product of the masses of two objects, times a namesake constant, divided by the square of the distance between them.
[10] A common system involving Newton's laws of gravitation is a problem involving this many bodies orbiting each other. Newton also formulated this many laws of motion.
[10] Lagrange found special cases of the three-body problem in which the bodies could exist in stable or unstable versions of this state. When the net force on an object is zero, it's in this state.
[10] Name this first female European Prime Minister who was almost killed in an IRA bombing in Brighton.
[10] Thatcher was the prime minister of this country, whose regions include Wales and Scotland and which has also been led recently by David Cameron.
[10] Thatcher successfully ended a nationwide strike of people in this profession led by Arthur Scargill. This profession was concentrated in northern England and the Welsh mountains, and is also common in the U.S. in states like West Virginia.
[10] Name this 2017 movie adaptation of a manga and anime series about Light Turner finding a book with the power to kill.
[10] The Death Note adaptation was headed by this streaming service after they bought the rights to the movie from Warner Bros. This streaming service's first original TV series, House of Cards, achieved widespread popularity.
[10] In summer 2020, Netflix brought this animated series to its online streaming services. This series depicts Aang (rhymes with “bang”), who has the power to perform four different kinds of magic.
[10] Name this king of Macedon who built an empire spanning from Greece to India. He named many cities after himself, including one in Egypt home to a famous lighthouse.
[10] This man was Alexander the Great's father. He was assassinated by one of his bodyguards and led the League of Corinth.
[10] In the Battles of Issus and Gaugamela, Alexander defeated Darius III, the ruler of this large empire centered on modern-day Iran.
[10] Name this collection in which pilgrims tell stories on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Thomas Becket.
[10] This British author wrote The Canterbury Tales and was a contemporary of Giovanni Bocaccio.
[10] This character in The Canterbury Tales tells a tale about Arcite and Palamon, who both fall in love with Emily upon seeing her. This character's tale follows the work's general prologue.