Joseph Priestly liberated this element by heating the compound red mercury. This element’s namesake reaction involves loss of electrons. The triatomic form of this element is called (*) ozone, and its more common diatomic gas is needed to generate a candle flame. For ten points, name this element, a vital gas that is inhaled during respiration.
After this disaster, Louis Sullivan designed the Auditorium Building in the affected city. The Palmer House was destroyed in this event, but the Water Tower was spared. This disaster, which was less deadly than a simultaneous event in Peshtigo, (*) Wisconsin, began on De Koven Street after Catherine O’Leary’s cow supposedly kicked over a lantern. For ten points, name this 1871 disaster that devastated a mostly-wooden Illinois city.
In a novel by this author, Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land flee the Maelstrom, which threatens to sink a strange vessel. In another of this man’s novels, Passepartout and his employer use the international (*) dateline to win a bet. Phileas Fogg and Captain Nemo’s submarine, the Nautilus, appear in, for ten points, what French author’s novels Around the World in Eighty Days and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea?
Only this type of number is allowed as the solution to a Diophantine [dye-oh-FAN-teen] equation. A boldface letter Z stands for the set of these numbers, which includes the (*) natural numbers and zero. For ten points, negative two is, but three-fourths is not, what type of number that has no fractional part?
Like Anubis, this god was syncretized with the Foremost of the Westerners and the Opener of the Ways, who was usually described as the son of this god’s sister Nephthys. The djed column was the symbolic backbone of this god, who was (*) cut into fourteen pieces by Set, this god’s brother. This god appears with green skin as a result of his death and resurrection. For ten points, name this Egyptian god of the dead, the father of Horus and husband of Isis.
The United Kingdom uses the TORRO scale to measure the intensity of these events. In the US, the damage caused by these events is used to rank them on an “Enhanced” scale, named for Ted Fujita, that tops out at (*) F5. A “freight train” noise commonly accompanies, for ten points, what natural disasters that can include three hundred mile-per-hour winds and a rotating funnel cloud of debris?
This composer transcribed Allegri’s Miserere [miz-uh-RAIR-ee] after listening to it just twice, thus ending a ban on that piece’s copying, during his tour of Europe as a teenager. This composer, who left his Requiem (*) unfinished at his death, composed forty-one symphonies, ending with one named Jupiter. For ten points, name this Austrian composer of operas like The Magic Flute and The Marriage of Figaro.
This country’s seventeenth century pirate colony of Libertatia used a language derived from Malagasy, a native language of this country. The French overseas region of Mayotte and the island country of Comoros are found in the (*) Mozambique Channel, which separates this country from the mainland. Antananarivo is the capital of, for ten points, what large island country off the southeast coast of Africa?
A character with this first name gets engaged to Frank Churchill despite the worries of the meddling Miss Woodhouse. Another woman with this first name gets engaged to Mr Bingley while her younger sister (*) Elizabeth marries Mr Darcy. For ten points, what first name is shared by these characters and the woman who created them, the author of Emma, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice?
This country’s 2004 Orange Revolution occurred after Viktor Yanukovych was accused of voter fraud. Most countries do not recognize the controversial annexation of this country’s (*) Crimean Peninsula. The Chernobyl disaster took place in, for ten points, what Eastern European country where the Euromaidan protests against Russia took place in the capital, Kiev?
During this war, opposing generals James Wolfe and Louis-Joseph de Montcalm were each killed at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec. Fort Necessity was led, and lost, by George Washington at the outset of this war. The (*) 1763 Treaty of Paris gave Canada to the British and ended, for ten points, what war that pitted the British and their American colonies against two namesake allies?
Richie Havens gave several encores at this event as a stalling tactic while waiting for other performers to arrive. Max Yasgur’s dairy farm near White Lake was the site of this event, whose performers included Jefferson Airplane and (*) Jimi Hendrix. Over four hundred thousand people attended, for ten points, what 1969 music festival in upstate New York, often hailed as the high point of the hippie movement?
The central figure of one of these paintings is nude, with nails piercing her skin and a metal beam replacing her spine. The Broken Column and a work that shows a woman standing with (*) Diego Rivera are among these paintings, which frequently depict a particular woman with monkeys and a strong unibrow. Mexican artist Frida Kahlo created many of, for ten points, what type of painting that show her own face?
This fictional book says “you may think it’s a long walk [...] to the chemist, but that’s just peanuts to space.” An entry in this book lists Earth as “mostly harmless” despite the objections of field researcher (*) Ford Prefect, who uses this book to advise Arthur Dent that he should always carry a towel when traveling. For ten points, name this fictional book that provides information about the known galaxy in a namesake series of novels by Douglas Adams.
In uniform circular motion, a centripetal force creates this quantity, which points radially inward and is equal to velocity squared divided by radius. This quantity, the derivative of velocity, is multiplied by (*) mass to give force in Newton’s Second Law. For ten points, name this quantity that is non-zero if an object is changing direction, slowing down, or speeding up.
After Brazilian President Jair Bolsanaro called this woman a brat, she changed her Twitter biography accordingly. In August 2019, a solar-powered yacht brought this woman to New York City for a UN summit. “Unite behind the (*) science” is part of the message delivered to politicians during this woman’s strike from school. The 2019 TIME Person of the Year is, for ten points, what teenaged Swedish climate change activist?
In early Christian teachings, this man was the first to plant a vineyard. This son of Lamech cursed his grandson Canaan for the sins of Ham, and repeatedly released a (*) dove to determine whether there was dry land nearby. A covenant from God in the form of a rainbow was received by, for ten points, what prophet who built an ark to save his family from a great flood?
This man agreed to a 1931 pact with Lord Irwin in advance of the Second Round Table Conference. This political figure was assassinated by Nathuram Godse, who believed this man had given too much power to Muslims during the (*) partition of the British Raj. A nonviolent 1930 salt march was led by, for ten points, what independence leader who advocated for civil disobedience in India?
A boy in this novel shrieks about an “old hell-devil” after receiving a camellia flower, and is defended by Heck Tate, who insists that Bob Ewell killed himself. In this novel, (*) Dill Harris visits a pair of children in Maycomb, Alabama, and Tom Robinson is defended at a racist rape trial by Atticus Finch. For ten points, name this novel about Jem and Scout, written by Harper Lee.
A portion of this process is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCo [roo-biss-koh]. During this process, ATP and NADPH convert carbon dioxide into glucose as part of the (*) Calvin cycle. This process takes place inside thylakoids, a membrane-bound component of chloroplasts. Chlorophyll is vital to, for ten points, what process in which plants transform light into energy?
In a poem about this war, titled “Counter-Attack,” Siegfried Sassoon wrote about “Lewis guns well placed / and clink of shovels deepening the shallow trench.” For ten points each, Name this “War to End All Wars” that ravaged Europe in the early twentieth century.
Siegfried Sassoon was a friend and mentor of Wilfred Owen, the author of this poem that begins “War broke.” This poem describes a “foul tornado, centered at Berlin,” and is titled for the first year of World War I.
John McCrae’s poem “In Flanders Fields” popularized the use of this flower in “remembrance” of the war. These flowers, which “blow / between the crosses, row on row” in the poem, are still worn to commemorate fallen British commonwealth soldiers.
After being accused of being unfaithful to her husband, a character in this work successfully walks into fire to prove her innocence. For ten points each, Name this ancient Sanskrit epic that focuses on the title prince rescuing his wife Sita from Ravana.
Prince Rama is the seventh avatar of this Hindu preserver god. This god forms the Trimurti [tree-moor-tee] with Brahma and Shiva.
Rama is helped in his attempt to rescue Sita by Hanuman, one of these animals, who uses his tail to set fire to Ravana’s palace. In illustrations of the Ramayana, Hanuman is often modeled after a Rhesus one of these animals.
Name the following actors who have portrayed Sherlock Holmes, for ten points each. This comic actor played Holmes, opposite John C. Reilly’s Watson, in the truly awful 2018 film Holmes and Watson. He was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor, but lost to Donald Trump.
This English actor played a retired Holmes in 2015’s Mr. Holmes and played Gandalf in Peter Jackson’s Lord of the Rings trilogy.
This actor starred in the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes and its 2011 sequel, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows. Having finished his Marvel commitments as Tony Stark, it is reported that this man will star in a 2021 Holmes film.
This artist turned her attention to exposing social injustice after taking her camera down to the street near her New York apartment and photographing a bread line on a whim. For ten points each, Name this American photographer who created One Nation, Indivisible and Migrant Mother.
Dorothea Lange’s photograph Migrant Mother showcases the struggles of working-class Americans during this historical period. Lange’s picture A Sign of the Times shows the heavily-mended stockings of a stenographer who couldn’t afford new clothes during this extreme economic downturn.
Lange’s One Nation, Indivisible, which shows schoolchildren reciting the Pledge of Allegiance, protested the forced relocation of American citizens to these institutions in the 1940s. Many of Lange’s photographs were taken at Manzanar, one of these institutions created to house Americans of Japanese descent in California.
Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented the first one of these devices at Bell Labs in 1947. Soon afterward, these devices replaced the vacuum tube as switches in electronic computers. For ten points each, Name this electronic circuit component that modifies a signal, either by switching it or amplifying it.
Transistors are made out of this type of material, which have resistivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Germanium and some other metalloids are common examples of this type of material.
Most transistors are made of this element with symbol Si [spell it]. A region of northern California became known as this element’s “Valley” after the tech industry boomed there in the twentieth century.
In this novel, Justine Moritz is framed for the murder of William, and the title character’s wife, Elizabeth, is murdered on her wedding night. For ten points each, Name this Gothic novel, considered by some to be the first science fiction novel, in which the title scientist’s life is destroyed by his monstrous creation.
Frankenstein is by this English author of Valperga.
The frame story of Frankenstein consists of letters written by this man to his sister, Margaret. On a journey to the North Pole, this man finds Victor Frankenstein, who recounts his story to this captain.
Participants in this event included Thomas Winter, Thomas Percy, and their leader, Robert Catesby. For ten points each, Name this 1605 attempt to assassinate King James I and replace England’s Protestant government with a Catholic one. It failed when its namesake explosive substance was discovered and confiscated.
British citizens remember the Gunpowder Plot by celebrating Bonfire Night on the fifth of November, in which effigies of this man, who is traditionally depicted with a smiling mask, are burned.
Robert Catesby and Guy Fawkes attempted to overthrow King James I by blowing up this building, which is home to the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Thetis requests that Hephaestus craft this object and a set of armor for her son, Achilles, in Book 18 of an epic poem. For ten points each, Name this piece of circular protective equipment whose ornate decorations are described by Homer in several stanzas of epic poetry.
Homer’s description of the shield of Achilles is one of several interludes between battles in this epic poem about the Trojan War. This work’s action takes place before Homer’s Odyssey.
Achilles uses his new shield and armor in battle against this Trojan warrior, whom he chases around the walls of the city before finally killing him. The Iliad ends with Achilles returning this man’s body to his father, Priam.
This event was nearly doomed prematurely when the patrol Nitto Maru spotted the task force, causing this event’s participants to be launched from the Hornet ten hours earlier than planned. For ten points each, Name this April 18, 1942 mission in which sixteen modified B-25 bombers took off from an aircraft carrier and attacked Tokyo and other cities. This mission was an important early motivational victory for the US in World War II.
The Doolittle raids served as revenge for Japan’s surprise attack on this Hawaiian naval base on December 7th, 1941.
It was impossible for the planes to land on an aircraft carrier and most didn’t have enough fuel to reach safe landing spots, so all but one bomber had to safely crash. The only plane that was able to land did so near Vladivostok in this country.
Research from 2018 indicates there is a contiguous, fluid-filled space between the skin and digestive tract called the interstitium [inter-stih-shum]. For ten points each, Much of the solid tissue in the interstitium is composed of this strong connective material found in tendons and ligaments. This protein is the most common one found in mammals.
The interstitial fluid drains into this system, whose namesake nodes in the neck become swollen during infection.
The presence of interstitial fluid throughout the body helps explain the rapid spreading of this type of illness, especially types beginning in the pancreas or breast.
Gertrude Stein likely coined the term “the Lost Generation” after she supposedly heard a mechanic use it as an insult while she was living in this country. For ten points each, Name this European nation that attracted numerous American expatriots to metropolitan centers like Paris after World War I.
This friend of Gertrude Stein popularized the term “Lost Generation” in a novel about Jake Barnes and Lady Brett Ashley. This American author also wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and the Sea.
Hemingway popularized the term in this novel, in which the wounded soldier Jake Barnes, the frequently-married Lady Brett Ashley, and their Lost Generation friends travel from Paris to Pamplona to watch bullfighting.
The 1862 Battle of Puebla, a key victory against French forces that delayed France’s installation of an emperor, is commemorated annually on this day in Mexico. For ten points each, Name this day, the anniversary of the battle. In non-Mexican communities, this holiday is often confused for Mexican Independence Day, which is actually in September.
This man, an eleven-term president and general who ordered the mass executions at Goliad and the Alamo, wasn’t present at Puebla, since he had been exiled from Mexico in the 1854 Plan of Ayutla.
Perez de Lebron) Mexican independence is actually celebrated in September on the anniversary of Miguel Hidalgo’s “Cry of Dolores;” today, the Mexican president uses one of these objects that belonged to Hidalgo’s church in the celebration. One of these objects in Philadelphia has a famous crack and cannot be used.
These features generally form after impact from objects that are traveling at very high speeds because slower collisions won’t generate the necessary high-energy explosion. For ten points each, Give this term for the depression left behind by an impact from a cosmic body, like a meteor or asteroid.
This second-largest moon of Jupiter, smaller only than Ganymede, is the most heavily-cratered moon in our Solar System.
Compared to moons like Callisto and Ganymede, Earth seemingly lacks the same history of crater-forming impacts. This may be partly because Earth’s atmosphere slows down smaller rocks, and partly because of this general process, in which wind, flowing water, or other natural actions smooth out the crater.
The 2019 Netflix documentary Knock Down the House followed the primary campaigns of four progressive women who ran for Congress in 2018. For ten points each, The film observes the massive electoral upset won by this woman, the leading advocate for the Green New Deal, who became the youngest woman to serve in Congress in 2019.
In the House, Ocasio-Cortez represents this state’s fourteenth district, which includes portions of Queens and the Bronx.
Like Ocasio-Cortez and Michigan’s Rashida Tlaib, this state’s representative Ilhan Omar has been attacked as “un-American” by some Republicans. This state elected the first Muslim Congressman, Keith Ellison, in 2007.
For ten points each, give the following about composer Frederic Chopin. One of Chopin’s most famous piano pieces is one of these dances in three-four time; the piece is named “Minute” not because it takes sixty seconds to play, but because it is small.
Although he lived and worked in Paris for much of his life, Chopin championed the music of this country, where he was born in Warsaw. Dancing music from this country includes styles like the mazurka.
Chopin composed two sets of these compositions, some of which are nicknamed “Tristesse” and “Revolutionary.” These compositions are intended as practice material to help pianists work on their musical skill.
The crystallization of this kind of solution allows chemical hand warmers to become hot instantly. For ten points each, Give this term for a solution that contains more solute than should be possible. Decreases in temperature can cause a solution to enter this state.
Changes in temperature, volume, or this quantity, measured in pascals or PSI, can cause a solution to become supersaturated. This quantity is the force applied to an object over the area in which it is applied.
Preparation of any solution requires a solute, the chemical that gets dissolved, and this component, which does the dissolving.
Let’s talk about the residents of the Greek underworld, for ten points each. Ancient Greeks put coins in the mouths of the dead to pay this mythical figure, who ferried the souls of the dead across the river Acheron or the river Styx.
After this goddess was abducted by Hades, the nymph Cyane wept so much that she turned into a puddle. This goddess was forced to spend part of each year in the underworld after eating pomegranate seeds.
Alongside Minos and Aeacus [ee-ah-kuss], this son of Zeus and Europa served as one of the judges of the underworld.
This county is often treated as a city, because it encompasses less than twenty-six square miles of land area. For ten points each, Name this county whose neighborhood of Crystal City was chosen in 2018 as one of two locations for Amazon’s second headquarters. Other massive office complexes in this county include the Pentagon, which is found near a famous national cemetery.
Arlington County is the sixth-most populous county in this US state. Many of its residents work in Washington, DC, which was formed by land taken from this state and Maryland.
Arlington County is separated from Washington, DC by this river, which receives the Anacostia River before flowing to Chesapeake Bay.
The Argand diagram plots these numbers in a familiar Cartesian-style coordinate system by replacing the x and y axes with the two component parts of these numbers. For ten points each, Name this type of number that has both real and imaginary parts.
Complex numbers incorporate the imaginary numbers, whose basic unit is equal to the square root of negative one and is traditionally represented by this letter.
In 1843, William Hamilton developed the quaternions, a number system with three basic units: i, j, and k. Multiplication within the quaternions lacks this property, as seen by the fact that i times j equals k, but j times i doesn’t equal k; it equals negative k instead.
This person of African and Wampanoag descent may have thrown a piece of wood at Hugh Montgomery before being shot twice. For ten points each, Name this dock worker who died almost instantly when a company under Thomas Preston opened fire into a taunting crowd outside the Old State House.
Attucks was the first person killed in this event on March 5, 1770. Paul Revere made an engraving showing this event, in which five colonists died in Massachusetts’ capital.
This Founding Father served as a defense lawyer for the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre, much to the chagrin of more radical patriots like his cousin, Samuel.