Eris is the most massive of the five recognized ones of these objects, of which Ceres is the only onecloser to the sun than Uranus. Unlike a class of larger related objects, these things have not clearedtheir orbits. In 2006, the IAU officially reclassified (*) Pluto as one of these objects. For 10 points, identifythese solar system objects named for the fact that they are smaller than planets.
One of these chemicals which includes antimony pentafluoride is called the "magic" one. Accordingto the Arrhenius (ah-REE-nee-us) definition, these substances dissociate into H+ ions, and anotherdefinition says that they're electron pair (*) acceptors. Commonly-used examples of these compoundsinclude the nitric and sulfuric types. For 10 points, name these compounds with pH less than 7, contrastedwith bases.
Okazaki fragments help reconstruct the lagging strands of this substance after it's "unzipped" byhelicase during its replication. Adenine and thymine are one of the pairs of complementary (*)nucleotides that make up this molecule. Chromosomes contain, for 10 points, what biomolecule shaped like adouble helix, which contains genetic information?
When these machines exceed the critical value of attack, it causes a dangerous situation called a"stall". A common and sometimes incorrect explanation for how these machines work invokes theBernoulli principle to explain that the air above one part of them is less (*) dense than below, generatinglift. For 10 points, what machines might be powered by jet engines and take off from runways?
Downdrafts near the rear flank of one of these phenomena create a distinctive "hook echo" onDoppler radar. These phenomena regularly develop from mesocyclones of supercells, and the (*) Fujitascale quantifies their strength on a numerical scale from F0 to F5. For 10 points, name these funnel-shapedcolumns of air that can cause substantial property destruction when they touch down.
This quantity does not change for adiabatic processes. If a system reaches maximum entropy, thatsystem experiences a "death" named for this kind of energy. Exothermic reactions generate this typeof energy, which can be transferred by (*) radiation, convection, and conduction. For 10 points, name thistype of energy, more of which is possessed by objects with a higher temperature.
These structures primarily consist of mineralized collagen, and the ears contain three of theseobjects to conduct sound. New blood cells are produced inside these structures. These structures areweakened in (*) osteoporosis, and their interior contains marrow. The femur is the largest of, for 10 points,what hard objects which make up the skeleton?
Dust clouds in this object create a "Zone of Avoidance" which impedes astronomers' observationsof the sky beyond it. The center of this object contains the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* ("Astar"), and this (*) galaxy is orbited by the two Magellanic clouds. This galaxy is predicted to collide withAndromeda in three billion years. For 10 points, name this galaxy in which we live.
This structure contains flippases, scramblases, and aquaporins, which allow for transport across it.The fluid mosaic model was developed to describe this cellular structure, which comprises aphospholipid (*) bilayer and separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. For 10 points, name thissemipermeable structure that surrounds the cell.
These objects may be "seeded" using a small pellet of silver iodide. Their unusual mammatus type iscaused by strong updrafts, and these objects are formed when air temperature moves below the dewpoint in the (*) stratosphere. Rain, snow, and other precipitation are formed by the condensation of watervapor in, for 10 points, what large masses of air which may block out the sun?
In uniform circular motion, this quantity always points radially inward. This quantity is the secondderivative of displacement with respect to time, and it equals zero when the forces acting on an objectare (*) balanced. Newton's 2nd law states that force equals mass times this quantity. For 10 points, whatquantity is measured in meters per second squared and describes the change in velocity?
A scientist from this country believed that one variety of wheat could be transformed into anothervariety by planting during a different season, a theory supported by its leader. This country's nuclearprogram detonated the (*) Tsar Bomba nuclear bomb, and it launched the first satellite, Sputnik. For 10points, Yuri Gagarin was from what country which rivaled the US in the "space race"?
Along with sinkholes, these formations occur frequently in regions of karst topography, wherelimestone or dolomite is dissolved by groundwater. The deepest known one of these formations iscalled (*) Krubera, and these places are explored by spelunkers. Stalactites and stalagmites occur in, for 10points, what natural holes that extend underground?
Benzoyl peroxide is one drug used to treat a condition of this organ. Basal cell carcinoma is acommon type of cancer that affects this organ, which can also be afflicted by psoriasis and (*) eczema.Excessive exposure to sunlight can increase the risk of cancers like melanoma in, for 10 points, what largesthuman organ, which covers the entire human body?
Asteroids sharing an orbit with this planet are called trojans. In 1994, the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9collided with this planet. This planet's moons include the most volcanically active body in the solarsystem, Io, as well as the three other (*) Galilean moons: Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The Great RedSpot is found on, for 10 points, what largest planet in the solar system?
The ratio between this quantity in a given material and in a vacuum is that material's index ofrefraction. Cherenkov radiation can be produced when particles exceed this value in a certainmaterial, and tachyons are (*) hypothetical particles that could exceed this value. For 10 points, name this"universal speed limit" equal to about 300,000 kilometers per second and symbolized c.
The chemical symbols for these elements are used as abbreviations when writing electronconfigurations, because these elements have a full valence shell. These elements exist in nature asmonoatomic gases. Fluorescent lighting often uses tubes containing these elements, most commonly(*) neon. The rightmost column of the periodic table contains, for 10 points, what group of unreactiveelements?
Air resistance is caused by the air exerting this force on objects moving through it. This force isequal to the product of the normal force and its namesake coefficient, symbolized mu. This force canbe "kinetic" or (*) "static", depending on whether its objects are already moving. Lubricants counteract, for10 points, what force which can prevent objects from moving or slow them down?
The warming of this layer is the cause of polar vortex warming and weakening. A temperatureinversion causes temperature to unusually increase with altitude in this layer of the atmosphere,thanks to a high concentration of (*) ozone, which also absorbs harmful radiation. Commercial aircraftcruise in the lower part of, for 10 points, what 2nd atmospheric layer, above the troposphere?
It's not the mitochondrion, but this organelle is believed to have originated throughendosymbiosis. "Light" and "dark" reactions are part of a process that takes place in this organelle andconverts carbon dioxide and water into (*) glucose. The presence of a pigment in these organelles isresponsible for plant leaves' green color. For 10 points, in what plant organelles does photosynthesis occur?
The most widely accepted theory of this object's formation involves a collision with a Mars-sizedobject named Theia. Along with the sun, this object is responsible for Earth's (*) tides, and itssynchronized rotation with the Earth means that only one side of it can be observed directly. The Apollomission sent humans to, for 10 points, what only natural satellite of the Earth?
This quantity is equal to internal energy plus pressure times volume. Hess's law states that thechange in this quantity is independent of the steps used in a chemical reaction, and Gibbs free energyis equal to this value minus the product of temperature and (*) entropy. For 10 points, identify thisthermodynamic quantity which represents heat transfer and is written H.
An invasive Burmese species of this animal is threatening Florida's Everglades. Some of theseanimals use a technique called "sidewinding" to move across loose sand. A desert-dwelling type ofthese animals can (*) shake their tails to produce a "rattle" for which that type is named. The black mamba isthe most venomous type of, for 10 points, what slithering reptiles which include pythons and cobras?
Extremely powerful examples of these devices use a beam of electrons rather than light because oftheir lower wavelength. Specimens can be mounted on transparent glass (*) slides to be viewed usingthese devices. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (lay-when-huuk) discovered cell structures and microorganismsusing, for 10 points, what devices used to look at very small objects?
This quantity is equal to the square of momentum divided by double the mass. In addition tomomentum, elastic collisions conserve this quantity. When an object falls, (*) potential energy isconverted into this kind of energy. One-half mass times velocity squared is equal to, for ten points, what typeof energy associated with an object's movement?
These objects are predicted to lose mass through Hawking radiation. The no-hair theorem statesthat these objects are described only by their mass, charge, and spin. The Schwarzschild(shvaarts-shilt) radius is the size of the (*) event horizon of these objects, inside which the escape velocityexceeds the speed of light. Massive collapsing stars form, for 10 points, what objects from which light cannotescape?
This scientist noted differently-shaped beaks adapted to different island environments in a groupof finches named for him. This man discovered those birds on a journey aboard the HMS (*) Beagle thatinspired his treatise On the Origin of Species. The Galapagos Islands' ecology was studied by, for 10 points,what naturalist who formulated the theory of natural selection?
Solutions of potassium permanganate, which are this color, can leave lasting stains if exposed toskin. A historically important dye of this color was produced from murex snails. Liquid and gaseous (*)iodine has this color under standard conditions. The compound '6,6'-dibromoindigo is one dye with, for 10points, what color which can be produced by mixing blue and red paint?
In this organelle, the protein cytochrome C transfers electrons to complexes II and IV during theoxidation stage of the electron transport chain. This organelle contains its own DNA, which isinherited exclusively from the (*) mother. Cellular respiration occurs in, for 10 points, what organelle thatproduces ATP and is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"?
The Chikyu Hakken project is attempting to receive samples from this region. The asthenosphere isa layer of this region with low resistance where plastic flow occurs. The Moho discontinuity is theupper boundary of this layer, whose (*) convection drives the movement of tectonic plates. For 10 points,name this largest layer of the earth, lying under the crust and above the outer core.
In 1989, the scientists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons claimed to have accomplished a "cold"version of this process. Tokamaks are used to perform this process by using a powerful magnetic field.This process occurs in (*) stars, transforming hydrogen into helium. For 10 points, name this process inwhich two atoms join together, contrasted with nuclear fission.
This quantity is defined in units of coulombs per second, and diodes restrict this quantity to onedirection. This quantity can be measured by ammeters, and Ohm's law states that voltage divided by(*) resistance is equal to this quantity. This quantity is measured in units of amperes. For 10 points, name thisquantity that measures the amount of electrical charge flowing through a wire.
Purkinje (pur-KIN-jee) fibers transmit electrical signals through this organ. This organ contains abiscuspid valve and a tricuspid valve, and it can be regulated by artificial (*) pacemakers. The aortacarries blood out of this organ, which is comprised of two atria and two ventricles. For 10 points, name thisprimary circulatory organ that pumps blood throughout the human body.
This element's diatomic form is paramagnetic due to its unpaired electrons' parallel spin. JosephPriestley named this element "dephlogisticated air" after isolating it. Lavoisier (la-VWAH-zee-AY)proved that (*) combustion requires this element, which makes up about 21% of Earth's atmosphere. For 10points, name this element which bonds to two atoms of hydrogen to form water and is symbolized O.
The development of vast forests in the Carboniferous period led to increased formation of thismaterial. The town of Centralia, PA was almost totally evacuated because of an underground fire in a(*) mine for this material that is still burning 50 years later. Lignite and anthracite are two forms of, for 10points, what rock formed from dead plant matter that is also burned as a fossil fuel?
Uranus has this many outer rings. A spacecraft with this number in its name is the only one ever tovisit Uranus and Neptune; that spacecraft was the last of this many (*) Voyager probes to have beenlaunched. Mars is orbited by this many moons, and there are this many planets closer to the Sun than Earth.For 10 points, how many stars are in a binary system?
These ecosystems are threatened by acidification of their surroundings, which can cause them toundergo bleaching. Ring-shaped examples of these ecosystems which enclose a lagoon are called (*)atolls. These ecosystems' namesake animals consist of colonies of thousands of polyps. For 10 points, namethese marine biodiversity hotspots which include a "Great Barrier" one off the coast of Australia.
In an 1801 experiment, Thomas Young proved that these particles exhibit wave-particle duality byfiring them through two slits. Planck's constant relates the speed of these particles to their frequency.Like gluons, these particles have no (*) mass. These particles can carry electromagnetic radiation such asUV and infrared. For 10 points, name these particles, the quanta of light.
Barnard 68 is a particularly visible "dark" version of this type of object. The Hubble Space Telescopephotographed one of these objects in the photo "Pillars of Creation". "Planetary" examples of theseobjects are formed when stars eject their outer layers into space. The (*) "Horsehead" and "Crab" onesare famous examples of, for 10 points, what interstellar clouds of gas and dust?
The most efficient types of these proteins are known as "kinetically perfect" or "diffusion limited".The induced fit model describes how these proteins bind to substrates to lower the activation energyof a (*) reaction. Examples of these proteins include ligase and polymerase. For 10 points, identify thesebiological catalysts that increase the speed of biochemical processes.
The triple alpha process is the formation of this element in stars, and this element combines withnitrogen in cyanide ions. Buckyballs are molecules formed from sixty atoms of this element. The 14isotope of this element is used in radiometric (*) dating techniques. This element's allotropes includegraphite and diamond. The basis for organic life is, for 10 points, what element with symbol C?
Extremely strong types of these objects can be made out of rare earth metals such as neodymium.These objects generate a field which is measured in Teslas, and iron filings will (*) align themselves inarcs around these objects. Holding one of these objects near a compass needle will deflect it. For 10 points,what objects have North and South poles which attract each other?
These rocks are classified by their silicon content as mafic, such as scoria, and felsic, such asrhyolite. These rocks are further classified as extrusive or intrusive, and most of the (*) youngest rockon earth is this kind of rock. Volcanic activity produces, for 10 points, what type of rock which includespumice and basalt and is contrasted with metamorphic and sedimentary?
The ampulla of Vater is formed by the common bile duct and a duct named for this organ, which isalso known as the duct of Wirsung. This organ's islets of Langerhans contain its endocrine cells, whichsecrete hormones such as glucagon. (*) Diabetes results in reduced function of, for 10 points, what organwhich regulates blood sugar levels through the production of insulin?
Fractures in the crust of these objects result in "starquakes". One type of these objects rotatesrapidly, emits beams of radiation, and are called pulsars. These objects are supported by a namesake(*) degeneracy pressure, preventing them from collapsing into black holes. For 10 points, name theseastronomical objects denser than white dwarfs, entirely composed of their namesake uncharged particle.
The "nearly free electron" theory describes one form of this phase of matter, which is to theimmediate left of the triple point. In sublimation, this phase of matter turns into a gas, and (*)precipitates formed during reactions are this phase of matter. For 10 points, identify this phase of matterwhich does not expand or flow, and is typically denser than liquids or gases.
This organ is attached to the body wall by the falciform ligament, which separates it into two lobes.Excessive alcohol consumption can cause this organ to become scarred and lose function, a conditioncalled (*) cirrhosis. This organ can become inflamed in hepatitis, and the gallbladder stores bile produced byit. For 10 points, name this largest internal organ.
The van 't Hoff factor is denoted by the lowercase version of this letter. The element denoted bythis letter is used in a test to detect starch and to treat goiters, or swelling of the thyroid. This letter isused to represent electric (*) current. The square root of -1 is denoted by, for 10 points, what letter thatrepresents both the imaginary number and the element Iodine?
[10] Name these large, tall clouds which can produce extreme weather such as intense thunderstorms. Their name comes from the Latin for "heaped rainstorm".
[10] In August 2020, the National Weather Service issued its first ever warning for a tornado produced by a pyrocumulonimbus cloud, a special kind of thundercloud created by the warm air given off by these events.
[10] The fire tornado occurred in this state's Lassen County. This state has been repeatedly afflicted by wildfires in recent years, especially around its Bay Area and its capital of Sacramento.
[10] Name this organelle which is continuous with the nuclear envelope. Both types of this organelle help with the synthesis of lipids.
[10] The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with these cell structures, which have small and large subunits and are the sites of translation.
[10] Ribosomes synthesize proteins based on codons, which are strings of this many DNA base pairs which encode a specific amino acid.
[10] Identify these disturbances in the curvature of spacetime. They are released as the energy from decaying orbits of two massive objects.
[10] Gravitational waves were predicted in this man's general theory of relativity. This man is more well known for relating mass to energy in his equation e=mc ("e equals m c squared").
[10] The L in LIGO stands for this type of light-generating device, which was used in the experiment that discovered gravitational waves. These objects may undergo population inversion and create a beam of light through stimulated emission.
[10] Name this measure of "disorder" in a system. It is typically symbolized S.
[10] According to the second law of thermodynamics, the amount of entropy in a closed system must obey this general trend. A description is acceptable.
[10] In statistical mechanics, entropy is equal to the log of the number of microstates times this man’s namesake constant, which is equal to about 1.38 times 10 -2joules per kelvin. This scientist also co-names a distribution for particle speeds in gas with Maxwell.
[10] The rain-shadow effect results in very dry regions on one side of these large geographical formations. These landforms block the movement of moisture-containing clouds over them; American examples include the Sierra Nevada and the Rockies.
[10] South Asia experiences an extremely rainy season during the middle of the year, which is given this name, which also refers to seasonal winds which blow moisture from the ocean to the Indian subcontinent.
[10] This regularly-occurring phenomenon can cause wet, rainy weather in the southern United States, along with dry, warm weather in Southeast Asia. Its most obvious sign is a horizontal band of warm Pacific ocean water.
[10] Name this nitrogen-fixing legume which is the most valuable U.S. agricultural export. A "textured vegetable product" made from this crop is a common meat substitute.
[10] This company, which has been acquired by Bayer, made a genetically modified soybean that was immune to its Roundup pesticide and the first commercial potato plants that produced the insecticide Bt.
[10] Soybeans are primarily grown in the U.S. in the Midwest, a region which is also noted for its production of this crop. This food can be eaten "on the cob" or processed into a namesake "high fructose syrup".
[10] Name these phenomena, examples of which include those carrying light and sound. These phenomena also occur on bodies of water, where they can hurt ships if they are sufficiently large.
[10] This quantity is the magnitude of the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position during an oscillation and is always positive. It effectively measures the height of waves.
[10] When two waves collide, this phenomenon occurs. It has both "constructive" and "destructive" types and involves the waves affecting each other.
[10] Name this organ which resembles an oversized lymph node and which filters blood by destroying old red blood cells.
[10] Many immune conditions, such as Hodgkin's disease and mononucleosis, can result in splenomegaly, a condition in which the spleen undergoes this kind of change. A description is acceptable.
[10] The spleen lies against the wall of this digestive organ, which contains gastric acid and in which food is broken down and digested.
[10] Name these disks made of small chunks of rock and dust that surround certain planets.
[10] The rings of this sixth planet from the sun are the most visible planetary rings in the Solar System.
[10] The separation between the A and F rings of Saturn is named for this French astronomer. He also names the "limit" inside which a planet's moon will break up into a ring system.
[10] Name this Danish physicist who developed the Copenhagen interpretation. His namesake model of the atom consists of electrons orbiting a nucleus.
[10] Bohr proposed his model of the atom with Ernest Rutherford, whose namesake experiment involved firing these particles at a gold foil.
[10] The Copenhagen interpretation was rejected by Erwin Schrödinger, who is better known for formulating a thought experiment in which one of these animals is both alive and dead at the same time.
[10] Name this group 13 element that has atomic number 5, the lightest metalloid.
[10] Boron only needs 6 electrons in its valence shell to be stable, violating this law, which says that an element is stable when its valence shell is filled with 8 electrons.
[10] The octet rule can be tracked using dot diagrams named for this chemist. This man also names a definition of acids as electron pair acceptors.
[10] Name this sexually-transmitted virus. Patients who suffer from it often experience Kaposi's sarcoma, and it may eventually lead to AIDS.
[10] This bacterial disease is one of the most common causes of death for AIDS patients. This disease was historically known as consumption and infects the lungs.
[10] HIV is a member of this class of viruses. They insert a copy of their genome into the DNA of their host cells by using reverse transcriptase, an enzyme which transcribes RNA into DNA.
[10] A song on Gojira's The Way of All Flesh is named for a "Toxic [this type of material] Island." A "Great Pacific Patch" of this material lies between Hawaii and California.
[10] In a Gojira song titled for this phenomenon, Joe Duplantier sings "A world is down / And none can rebuild it." This phenomenon has greatly accelerated since the Industrial Revolution due to fossil fuel burning, and it causes ice melting and sea level rise, among other things.
[10] Gojira is from this country, as is a chemist who discovered the vaccines for anthrax and rabies and a 17th century mathematician with a namesake "triangle" of binomial coefficients.
[10] Name this man who accurately explained the orbits of the celestial bodies through the use of his three laws of planetary motion.
[10] Kepler's 2nd law of planetary motion is an application of the conservation of this quantity. The conservation of this quantity explains why figure skaters draw their arms closer to themselves to spin faster.
[10] Kepler's 1st law, meanwhile, states that planets' orbits around the Sun take this shape, which is equivalent to a stretched circle.
[10] Name this vitamin whose deficiency can inhibit collagen production. It is also known as ascorbic acid.
[10] Insufficient amounts of Vitamin C cause this disease, which was historically a major limiting factor in long-distance travel until it was discovered that products containing Vitamin C prevent it.
[10] The frequency of scurvy among land-dwellers in Europe decreased drastically after the introduction of this tuber from South America rich in Vitamin C.
[10] Name this caustic compound used in a variety of industrial applications, with chemical formula H SO2. 4t can be produced through the contact process.
[10] In the contact process, vanadium pentoxide is used as one of these things, and in ammonia production, iron is used as one of these as well. These things lower the activation energy in reactions.
[10] Sulfuric acid can also be produced in this element's namesake chamber process. This element symbolized Pb is used for protection from X-rays, and many old houses have this element as an ingredient in their paint.
[10] These organisms hunt, kill, and eat prey for food. On a food chain, these organisms are usually located directly above their prey, and the "apex" type of these species are located at the top of the food chain.
[10] Isle Royale, an island and national park in Michigan, is home to a unique ecosystem where there is only one species of large predator and one species of large prey animal. Name either.
[10] In addition to predators, some carnivores are this other type of organism that eats dead animals that have died of natural causes or been left behind by predators. Vultures and flesh flies are examples of this feeding behavior.
[10] Name this smallest and closest planet to the Sun.
[10] Mercury's orbit has the largest value of this quantity among all planets. This quantity measures the ratio between the closest and furthest distances from the Sun; more elliptical orbits have higher values of it.
[10] Mercury's Caloris Basin is one of the largest of these structures in the Solar System. A large one of these structures has caused Saturn’s moon Mimas to be nicknamed the Death Star.
[10] Name these elementary particles that come in 6 "flavors", such as the down and up types, and make up protons and neutrons.
[10] Quarks belong in a class of particles along with leptons named after this Italian scientist, who also formulated a thought experiment asking "where are the aliens?"
[10] Fermions are contrasted with this other type of subatomic particle named for an Indian physicist and whose types include W, Z, and one named for Higgs.
[10] Name these cyclonic storms formed over warm oceans and measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale, which rates them from Category 1 to Category 5.
[10] Hurricanes in the Northern and Southern hemispheres rotate in different directions as a result of this inertial effect. Contrary to popular belief, this effect does not cause toilets to flush in opposite directions in different hemispheres.
[10] The aforementioned "stadium effect" causes the wall of this part of a hurricane to be slanted. This part of a hurricane typically has no cloud cover and low winds.
[10] The myelin sheath covers some cells in this body system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and its namesake structures, which transmit electrical impulses throughout the body to communicate with the brain.
[10] The myelin sheath covers this part of a nerve cell. Each nerve cell has one of these long protrusions which carry electrical impulses, along with many dendrites.
[10] In this medical condition, the myelin sheath is degraded, inhibiting neurological function. It is typically divided into "progressive" and "relapsing-remitting" types.
[10] This technique separates substances by boiling point and includes fractional, steam, and short-path versions. This process is also used in the manufacture of hard liquor to remove water and increase the alcohol content.
[10] A common lab demo involving separating different dyes in pen ink usually uses this lab technique where a mobile phase flows past a stationary phase. It is derived from the greek word for color.
[10] Filtration, a technique used to separate suspended solids from liquids, is often achieved with the help of one of these devices. Another kind of these devices are used as household cleaning appliances, and operate by creating a region in which there is no air in order to suck material through them.
[10] Name this vector quantity equal to the gradient of electric potential. Faraday's law states that a change in magnetic field causes this quantity to be nonzero.
[10] Electric field lines are drawn pointing away from charges with this property and towards negative charges.
[10] Within a conductor, the electric field is always equal to this value.
[10] Name this scale used to measure the hardness of various minerals. It works on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1, the softest on the scale, being talc.
[10] At 9 on the Mohs scale is this mineral, a crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Ruby and sapphire are varieties of this mineral.
[10] This mineral is found at 10 on the hardness scale. Made of pure carbon, its hardness means it is often used in heavy-duty drills and other machinery.
[10] These components were the focus of the race to 5 gigahertz, and can have one or multiple cores. Manufacturers of these components include Intel.
[10] Primary manufacturers of these components include NVidia and AMD, and later iterations of these components have included hardware-accelerated ray tracing.
[10] Computers use these devices to display things to users. In laptop computers, these screens are typically attached to the rest of the computer, while desktop computers often have separate versions.
[10] Name this neurotransmitter often associated with pleasure and emotional highs. Anticipation of rewards increases the amount of this chemical in the brain.
[10] This other neurotransmitter is believed to play major roles in mood and appetite, among other things. Its reuptake is inhibited by SSRIs.
[10] SSRIs are often prescribed to treat this mental health condition which may be caused by a lack of serotonin. It can cause low self-esteem, a prolonged lack of happiness, or a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities.
[10] Ocean trenches are formed by this geological process, in which one tectonic plate slides under another at a convergent plate boundary.
[10] The regions near subduction zones often contain large numbers of this type of mountain, examples of which include Mount St. Helens in Washington and Kilauea in Hawaii. These mountains typically eject large amounts of magma when they erupt.
[10] These other undersea formations are caused by volcanic activity, usually at divergent plate boundaries. They may form “black smokers” or “white smokers”, and release warm, nutrient-rich water through the seabed, creating habitats for animals like the giant tube worm.
[10] Name this force whose magnitude is equal to the product of the masses of two objects, times a namesake constant, divided by the square of the distance between them.
[10] A common system involving Newton's laws of gravitation is a problem involving this many bodies orbiting each other. Newton also formulated this many laws of motion.
[10] Lagrange found special cases of the three-body problem in which the bodies could exist in stable or unstable versions of this state. When the net force on an object is zero, it's in this state.
[10] Most trees are covered in these objects, at least during the summer. These flat green structures allow the trees to "breathe", and during the fall they may change color.
[10] Trees whose leaves change color and fall off every winter are referred to by this term, which is contrasted with "evergreen".
[10] Many evergreen trees fall into this category of plants which bear exposed seeds, whose name comes from the Greek for "naked seed". They are contrasted with angiosperms.
[10] This unit of quantity is equal to the number of particles in 12 grams of carbon-12. The mass of one of these units for a specific element is that element's molecular weight.
[10] One mole is equal to 6.02 x 10 , a number named for this Italian scientist.
[10] One mole of the "ideal" form of this state of matter will occupy a volume of 22.4 liters at standard temperature and pressure. This state of matter expands to fill its containers and is the least dense of the three primary phases.
[10] What mineral which forms the continuous branch of Bowen's reaction series is the most common mineral in the Earth's crust?
[10] Feldspar's molecular structure includes eight atoms of this element, which comprises almost half of the Earth's crust. The primary component of sand is a compound of silicon and this element called silica.
[10] Feldspar typically contains silicon, oxygen, an alkali metal, and this element, the most common metal in the Earth's crust. It is symbolized Al, and is commonly used to make foil.
[10] Name this constellation depicting a hunter from Greek mythology. Its most famous feature is the three stars that make up its belt.
[10] This supergiant variable star, which experienced the aforementioned dimming, is usually the second brightest star in Orion. It forms one of Orion's "shoulders".
[10] Astronomers believed that Betelgeuse's dimming could be a sign that it will undergo one of these events soon. In these events, a massive star collapses in on itself and explodes.
[10] Golgi discovered a large organelle which is named for him and which packages these molecules. These molecules are made up of amino acids and are a nutrient provided in food like nuts and meat.
[10] Golgi also invented a form of this technique that allows neurons to be visualized. Hans Christian Gram names another form of this technique that can be used to classify bacteria.
[10] Gram staining classifies organisms based on the thickness of this organelle, which surrounds the cells of some organisms. It is made of cellulose in plants and is not present in animal cells.
[10] Name this planet that contains the Tharsis region. This "red planet" is the fourth planet from the Sun.
[10] Mars also contains this largest volcano in the Solar System, with a base about 370 miles wide and a height two and a half times that of Mount Everest.
[10] Olympus Mons is so tall that it is the only Martian structure still visible during planet-wide examples of these events, one of which blanketed Mars when it was first observed by the Mariner spacecraft. These events occur frequently on Earth in the Bodélé Depression.
[10] Name this quantity that describes how hot or cold an object is. It can be measured on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, or Kelvin scales.
[10] This cycle named for a French chemist is a thermodynamic process through which heat can be converted to usable work. It transfers heat through hot and cold reservoirs.
[10] Reversing the Carnot cycle can produce an idealized example of this kind of appliance. This kind of appliance acts as a reverse heat pump, forcing heat out of itself, and they now use HFC-134a instead of Freon as a coolant.
[10] Identify these objects whose strength is measured in ohms. Their strength is usually indicated on them with a series of lines following a standard color code.
[10] The ohm is defined as this quantity per ampere, and is the difference in electric potential between two points. This quantity is equal to energy over charge.
[10] This color represents the digit 2 in the resistor color code. It also has the highest wavelength of any color of visible light, appearing at the opposite end of the rainbow from violet as a result.
[10] Identify this quantity equal to the mass of an object divided by its volume, measured in units like kilograms per cubic meter. The ratio of this value for a substance to its value for water is called specific gravity.
[10] Objects that have a lower density than water tend to float due to this force. When an object is placed inside of a fluid, this force will push back against that object, and this force is proportional to the amount of displaced fluid.
[10] This man formulated a namesake law of buoyancy which states that the upward force of buoyancy is equal to the weight of displaced fluid. Apocryphally, he proclaimed "Eureka!" after realizing that his understanding of buoyancy allowed him to detect counterfeit metals.
[10] Name this trait determined by which of two antigens, or both or neither, are found on the surface of certain cells.
[10] The antigens that determine blood type can be found on red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs and this gas to the lungs. Humans exhale this gas, which has the formula CO . 2
[10] People with this blood type are known as "universal donors" because, in blood transfusions, blood of this type can be given to anyone, regardless of what blood type the recipient has.
[10] Identify these large structures which often form in polar regions and high mountain ranges. Their movement can leave moraines, eskers, and other geological formations.
[10] Glaciers are primarily comprised of this substance. Climate change has caused some glaciers to shrink in size as this substance melts into water and flows away.
[10] These large boulders are a common feature of the landscape in regions historically covered by glaciers. They can weigh hundreds of tons, and are deposited by retreating glaciers which picked them up during their advance.
[10] Name this construct which organizes the building blocks of chemistry into rows and columns based on atomic weight and electron configuration. It currently has seven full rows comprising 118 entries.
[10] These elements make up most of the center and left of the periodic table. They are typically grey in color, conduct electricity, and can be combined to form alloys. Examples include titanium and cobalt.
[10] These two sections of the periodic table are not classified into any of the 18 columns; instead they are typically offset into two separate rows under the rest of the table. Name either.
[10] Name this process that forms the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules such as insulin and hemoglobin. In it, long chains of peptides are assembled into complex shapes.
[10] Protein folding begins with this level of protein structure which refers to its sequence of amino acids. This level precedes the secondary and tertiary structures.
[10] Mistakes in protein folding can lead to the formation of these misfolded proteins, which can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as mad cow disease or Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CROYTS-felt YAH-kub) syndrome.
[10] Messier catalogued 110 astronomical objects, including many of these masses of trillions of stars, which can come in elliptical and irregular shapes, among others, and often have supermassive black holes at their center.
[10] The 24th entry in the catalogue is a “star cloud” located in this constellation, which is also home to the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Its name comes from the Latin for “archer”.
[10] The 45th entry in the Messier catalogue, and the closest to Earth, is this star cluster easily visible to the naked eye and also called the Seven Sisters.
[10] Name this type of reaction, one of the half reactions of redox reactions, along with reduction. In this reaction, electrons are lost, while in reduction, electrons are gained.
[10] In one of these objects, redox reactions occur in the cathode and the anode, converting chemical energy to electrical energy. Examples of these include the 9 volt, AA, and AAA varieties.
[10] Many commercial batteries use this metallic element with atomic number 3 as an anode.
[10] What English scientist developed calculus along with Gottfried Leibniz?
[10] This magnum opus of Newton lays out the beginnings of classical mechanics. Another book with this name, by Bertrand Russell and Alfred Whitehead, describes the axiomatic construction of mathematics.
[10] Newton also wrote a book about, and named for, this subfield of physics. It studied the effects of prisms and lenses, and argued that light was made up of particles called corpuscles.
[10] Name this organ located inside the skull, the center of the body's nervous system.
[10] This part of the brain derives its name from the Greek word for "seahorse". It is responsible for converting short-term to long-term memories, and humans contain two, one for each side of the brain.
[10] Two other parts of the brain, Broca's area and Wernicke's (VER-nick-uh’s) area, are responsible for this ability, and damage to those areas can cause aphasia, in which they are unable to perform this ability successfully, instead producing meaningless gibberish or repeated syllables.
[10] Name these events in which tectonic plates interact, causing the release of seismic waves. They often cause the ground to shake and destroy buildings.
[10] Earthquakes' intensity is measured by this logarithmic scale, which has largely been replaced by the moment magnitude scale. Earthquakes with a value of above 7.0 on this scale are considered "major".
[10] This term is used to describe the point on the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake started. It is contrasted with the hypocenter.
[10] Name this 8th planet, the farthest from the Sun, slightly more massive than its "twin", Uranus.
[10] Neptune's largest natural satellite is this moon, which unusually orbits Neptune in the opposite direction from Neptune's rotation.
[10] Triton's surface is mostly made up of the solid form of this element. The liquid form of this element, which boils at -320 degrees Fahrenheit, is often used as a coolant.
[10] Name this quantity measured in kilograms. Weight equals this quantity multiplied by gravitational acceleration.
[10] This vector quantity is equivalent to mass multiplied by velocity, and impulse measures the change of this quantity.
[10] This principle named for a German scientist posits that more knowledge about a particle's position means less knowledge about its momentum and vice versa.